1 cup granulated sugar = 2 cups sifted powdered sugar           
1 cup brown sugar = 1 cup white sugar plus 2 tbsps. molasses 
1 cup granulated sugar =  7/8 cup honey plus a pinch of baking soda (only in baking not main dishes) 
1 sugar cube = 1/2 teaspoon 
1 cup sifted cake flour =  7/8 cup all-purpose flour 
1 cup all-purpose flour =  1 cup whole wheat flour 
1 tsp. baking powder =  1/4 tsp. baking soda plus 1/2 tsp. cream of tartar 
1 tbsp. cornstarch =  2 tbsp. flour 
1/2 tsp. cream of tartar =  1 & 1/2 tsp. lemon juice or vinegar 
1 square unsweetened chocolate =  3 tbsp. unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1 tbsp. shortening 
1 cup of milk =  1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water 
1 cup buttermilk =  1 cup milk plus 1 tbsp. white vinegar or lemon juice
1 cup sweetened condensed milk =  1 cup plus 2 tbsp. dry milk powder plus 1/2 cup warm water plus 3/4 cup sugar, dissolved 
2 large eggs =  3 small eggs 
1 tsp. lemon juice =  1/2 tsp vinegar 
1 cup whipping cream, whipped =  2 cups thawed whipped topping 
1 cup whipping cream, liquid =  1/3 cup melted butter plus 3/4 cup milk
1 lb lard =  2 cups shortening 
1 large marshmallow  = 10 mini marshmallows, with powder dusted off 
1 tsp. finely shredded lemon peel =  1/2 tsp. lemon extract 
pecans  walnuts, hazelnuts or almonds 
1 cup corn syrup =  1 cup honey  
1 cup honey =  1 & 1/4 cup sugar plus 1/4 cup water 
juice of 1 lemon  = 3 tbsps. lemon juice 
1 tsp. lemon juice =  1/2 tsp. white vinegar 
juice of 1 lime =   2 tbsps. lime juice 
1 tsp. pumpkin pie spice =  1/2 tsp. cinnamon plus 1/4 tsp. ginger plus 1/8 tsp. allspice and nutmeg 
1/4 oz. active dry yeast =  2 & 1/2 tsp. dry yeast 
2 tbsp. balsamic vinegar = 1 tbsp sherry or cider vinegar  
4 tbsps. cocoa = 1 oz. (square) chocolate (decrease fat called for in recipe by 1/2 tbsp.
1 tbsp. coconut, grated, dry = 1 & 1/2 tbsps. fresh, grated  
cream cheese = Part skim milk ricotta cheese or lowfat cottage cheese beaten until smooth 
1 cup cream, half and half = 7/8 cup whole milk plus 1/2 tbsp. butter or margarine = 3 tablespoons oil plus milk to equal 1 cup
1 cup evaporated milk = 1 cup light cream,
heavy cream = 3/4 cup milk plus 1/3 cup butter or margarine (for
 use in cooking and baking)
1 cup sour cream =  7/8 cup buttermilk plus 3 tbsps. butter  or
                          = 2 Tbsps Lemon juice with 1 cup milk
3 oz. flavored gelatin =  1 tbsp. plain gelatine plus 2 cups fruit juice
1 cup honey =  1 1/4 cups sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid  (use liquid called for in recipe)
1 cup molasses   = 3/4 cup sugar plus 2 tsps. baking powder (increase liquid called for in recipe by 5 tbsps. and decrease baking soda by 1/2 tsp. = 3/4 cup sugar plus 1 & 1/4 tsps. cream of tartar (increase liquid called for in recipe by 5 tbsp.)
1 cup milk plus 1 Tbsp vinegar let stand for a few mins = 1 cup sour cream
1 1/2 Tbsps vinegar plus enough sweet cream to make a cup; let stand for a few mins = 1 cup sour cream
1/2 cup milk plus 1/2 cup water plus 1 Tbsp vinegar.. mix & let stand for a few mins = 1 cup butter milk or sour cream.

Egg substitute 
Soften 1 tsp. unflavored gelatin in 1 tbsp. cold water. Add 2 tbsp.
 plus 1 tsp. boiling water and mix. This mixture can be substituted for 1 egg.

 
 How To Substitute For Mascarpone

Recipe 1
Sometimes, it's a lot easier just to substitute. Tiramisu creators have used ricotta or cottage cheese as successful substitutes by whipping the cheese until it is smooth.
Other sources have created their own substitutions. In "The Cook's Thesaurus," the following are suggested: (1) Blend 8
 ounces softened cream cheese with 1/4 cup whipping cream, or (2) blend 8 ounces softened cream cheese with 1 tablespoon cream or butter or milk, or (3) Blend 6 ounces softened cream cheese with 1/4 cup butter and 1/4cup cream (or Montrachet).

Recipe 2
8 ounces of softened cream cheese
3 tablespoons of sour cream
2 tablespoons of heavy cream (liquid, not whipped) – 35% whipping cream. Combine all ingredients. Use a substitute for mascarpone when making Tiramisu.